Annie’s Drunk for Science Experiment

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Live Naked AF

Book Endnotes

I hoped you enjoyed Live Naked AF below is a list of references for the book.

Introduction

  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2022). Understanding the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of relapse in alcohol use disorder. University of New Hampshire Inquiry Journal. Retrieved from https://www.unh.edu/inquiryjournal/blog/2023/03/understanding-behavioral-neurobiological-mechanisms-relapse-alcohol-use-disorder University of New Hampshire - Additional source: According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), approximately 90% of individuals who have struggled with alcohol addiction will experience at least one relapse during their lifetime.
  • Smith, J. (2024, September 18). Deep Links Between Alcohol and Cancer Are Described in New Reports. The New York Times. Reference: TNM, NY Daily News (Deep Link Cancer article), WHO (no amount of alcohol is safe)
  • Rettner, R. (2023, May 22). What happens to your body when you stop drinking alcohol? Live Science.
  • Kobo Reading Life. (2020). Kobo Reading Life Study: Global reading habits and trends. Rakuten Kobo Inc.

Chapter 1

  • American Psychological Association. (2015, February 4). Stress in America™: Paying With Our Health.
  • Seneca. (2015). Letters from a Stoic (R. Campbell, Trans.). Penguin Books. (Original work published ca. 65 CE)
  • Ovid. (8 CE/1916). Metamorphoses (F. J. Miller, Trans.). Harvard University Press. Book VII, lines 20-21.
  • New International Version. (2011). Romans 7:15. In Holy Bible (NIV). Zondervan. (Original work published 1978)
  • IBISWorld. (2022). Drug & Alcohol Rehabilitation Clinics in the US - Market Size 2005–2028. Retrieved from IBISWorld database.
  • Lachenmeier, D. W., & Rehm, J. (2015). Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach. Scientific Reports, 5, Article 8126.

Chapter 2

  • Nicolai, Demmel & Moshagen (2010). The Comprehensive Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire… Journal of Personality Assessment. Carrigan & Randall (2008). Alcohol outcome expectancies and drinking to cope with depression and anxiety symptoms. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.American Psychological Association. (2015, February 4). Stress in America™: Paying With Our Health.
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Neuroscience: The Brain in Addiction and Recovery. Health Professionals’ Core Resource on Alcohol, U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services.
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (n.d.). The Cycle of Alcohol Addiction. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
  • Graybiel, A. M. (2008). Habits, Rituals, and the Evaluative Brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 31, 359-387.
  • Dr. BJ Fogg - The Art of Manliness Podcast, Episode #581 published Feb 3rd 2020

Chapter 3

  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2022). Understanding the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of relapse in alcohol use disorder. University of New Hampshire Inquiry Journal. Retrieved from University of New Hampshire - Additional source: According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), approximately 90% of individuals who have struggled with alcohol addiction will experience at least one relapse during their lifetime
  • Willpower significantly decreases under stress, emotional distress, or fatigue Maier, S. U., Makwana, A. B., & Hare, T. A. (2015). Acute stress impairs self-control in goal-directed choice by altering multiple functional connections within the brain's decision circuits. Neuron, 87(3), 621-631.
  • Willpower diminishes under a high cognitive load. Morrison, K. L., Madden, G. J., & Odum, A. L. (2020). Cognitive load and delay discounting: Individual differences in working memory capacity influence temporal decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149(12), 2330-2344.
  • Schwartz, R. C. (2021). No bad parts: Healing trauma and restoring wholeness with the internal family systems model. Sounds True.
  • Palfai, T. P., Winter, M., Lu, J., Rosenbloom, D., & Saitz, R. (2017). Emotion regulation as a mediator of the effect of suppression on alcohol consumption. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 78(6), 909-917.
  • Ostafin, B. D., & Marlatt, G. A. (2019). Surfing the urge: Experiential acceptance moderates the relation between automatic alcohol motivation and hazardous drinking. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(4), 404-418.

Chapter 4

  • Babylonian Talmud. (n.d.). Hagigah. In Translation of the Treatise Chagigah.
  • Seek Pleasure: This is the innate drive to seek out experiences that bring us joy, satisfaction, or pleasure. This principle is closely linked to the reward circuitry in our brains. When we engage in activities that we find pleasurable, our brains release dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of reward and pleasure. Berridge, K. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2015). Pleasure systems in the brain. Neuron, 86(3), 646-664.

    The mechanism of pleasure seeking is largely governed by the reward system, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and the prefrontal cortex. Further, dopamine, a neurotransmitter, plays a crucial role in this system. When we engage in activities that bring us pleasure, dopamine is released in these areas, creating feelings of enjoyment and satisfaction. Berridge, K. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2015). Pleasure systems in the brain. Neuron, 86(3), 646-664. This reward system motivates us to repeat these activities, driving the brain's pleasure-seeking behavior.
  • Avoid Pain: The pain avoidance is our instinctual desire to avoid discomfort, harm, or pain. This can include physical pain, such as injury or illness, as well as emotional pain, like rejection or failure. This aspect of human motivation is related to our body's survival mechanisms. The desire to avoid pain, for instance, can motivate us to withdraw from threatening situations, thus protecting us from harm. Our brains are even wired to respond to potential threats by initiating the fight-or-flight response, which prepares us to either confront or flee from the threat.

    The mechanism of pain avoidance is located in a specific area of the brain; the amygdala, an almond-shaped set of neurons located deep in the brain's medial temporal lobe. The amygdala is involved in the processing of emotions and is particularly associated with the fear response. Mobbs, D., Hagan, C.C., Dalgleish, T., Silston, B., & Prévost, C. (2015). The ecology of human fear: survival optimization and the nervous system. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9, 55.

    LeDoux, J. (2007). The amygdala. Current biology, 17(20), R868-R874. When we encounter a potential threat, the amygdala activates a series of physiological responses designed to help us avoid or escape from harm.
  • Conserve Energy: There is good evidence to suggest that we are biologically programmed to conserve energy whenever possible. This is because, from an evolutionary perspective, conserving energy allowed our ancestors to survive in environments where food was scarce and physical exertion was often necessary for survival. As a result, humans tend to opt for the path of least resistance and avoid unnecessary effort.

    This can manifest as a preference for familiar routines and automatic behaviors, which require less cognitive effort and therefore less energy.
  • Raichle, M. E., & Gusnard, D. A. (2002). Appraising the brain's energy budget. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(16), 10237-10239. Hagger, M.S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N.L.D. (2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 495-525. The mechanism of energy conservation is rooted in the brain's metabolic processes. The brain is an energy-intensive organ, using up to 20% of the body's total energy. Therefore, the brain has evolved strategies to conserve energy wherever possible.
  • Lisle, D. J., & Goldhamer, A. (2003). The Pleasure Trap: Mastering the Hidden Force That Undermines Health & Happiness (see chap. “The Biological Purpose of Life: The Motivational Triad and the Moods of Happiness,” p. 7). Summertown, TN: Healthy Living Publications.
  • Strutt, J. W. (Lord Rayleigh). (1899). On the transmission of light through an atmosphere containing small particles in suspension, and on the origin of the blue of the sky. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 47(287), 375-384.
  • Case, A., & Paxson, C. (2008). Stature and status: Height, ability, and labor market outcomes. Journal of Political Economy, 116(3), 499–532.
  • Hamermesh, D. S., & Biddle, J. E. (1994). Beauty and the labor market. American Economic Review, 84(5), 1174–1194.
  • Sierminska, E. (2015). Does it pay to be beautiful? IZA World of Labor, (177)
  • Annenberg Public Policy Center. (2014). Fear of crime related to prime-time television violence. University of Pennsylvania.
  • Whitby, J. D. (1980). Alcohol in an aesthesia and surgical resuscitation. Anaesthesia, 35(5), 433–440.
  • Seth, A. (2015, July). Your brain hallucinates your conscious reality [Video]. TED.
  • Gray, D. (2015). Liminal thinking: Create the change you want by changing the way you think. Rosenfeld Media.
  • Science Focus. (2023, March 22). The bizarre science behind how our brains shape reality.
  • Gray, D. (2015). Liminal thinking: Create the change you want by changing the way you think. Rosenfeld Media.
  • Sinn, M. P. (2020, December 5). Subconscious processes 27,500 times more data than the conscious mind. Think by Numbers.

Chapter 5

  • LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2019). Using neuroscience to help understand fear and anxiety: A two-system framework. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(11), 1083-1093.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2022). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13(2), 172-175.
  • Stegemann, P., et al. (2023). Prefrontal engrams of long-term fear memory perpetuate pain. Nature Neuroscience, 26(5), 639–649.
  • Barrett, L. F. (2017). How emotions are made: The secret life of the brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. Putnam.
  • Princeton University. (2013, April 10). Subconscious mental categories help brain sort through everyday experiences.
  • Vadovičová, K., & Gasparotti, R. (2013). Reward and adversity processing circuits, their competition and interactions with dopamine and serotonin signaling.
  • Richardson, M. K., Thompson, J. L., & Smith, P. R. (2022). Endorphin dynamics during positive arousal: A multimodal analysis. Neuropharmacology, 204, 108915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108915
  • Leaf, C. (2025). Why keeping the peace may not be the best thing: Other relationship advice with my husband Mac.
  • Cooper, S. J. (2005). Donald O. Hebb's synapse and learning rule: A history and commentary. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 28(8), 851-874.

Chapter 6

  • Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. (2021). More about alcoholism. In Alcoholics Anonymous: The Big Book (4th ed., Chapter 3).
  • This study found that many individuals enter Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) due to pressure from the legal system or healthcare providers, often following severe consequences of their drinking. (Kaskutas, L. A., Ye, Y., Greenfield, T. K., Witbrodt, J., & Bond, J. (2014). Epidemiology of Alcoholics Anonymous participation. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 18, 261-282).

    This research highlights that individuals often enter treatment due to legal, employment, or family pressures, rather than personal readiness for change (Wild, T. C., Roberts, A. B., & Cooper, E. L. (2006). Compulsory substance abuse treatment: An overview of recent findings and issues. European Addiction Research, 12(2), 84-93).
  • Alcoholics Anonymous. (2014). A.A. membership survey [Survey]. A.A. World Services.
  • Zeng, Y., Dong, F., Luo, L., & Li, Y. (2021). Margin of Exposure Analyses and Overall Toxic Effects of Alcohol with Special Consideration of Carcinogenicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12446. No
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (n.d.). Understanding Alcohol Use Disorder.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, August 6). Data on Excessive Alcohol Use.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). (2021). Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2024). Alcohol use disorder (AUD) in the United States: Age groups and demographic characteristics.

Chapter 7

  • Graybiel, A. M., & Grafton, S. T. (2015). The striatum: Where skills and habits meet. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 7(8), a021691.
  • Citri, A., & Malenka, R. C. (2008). Synaptic plasticity: Multiple forms, functions, and mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(1), 18-41.
  • Sorg, B. A., Berretta, S., Blacktop, J. M., Fawcett, J. W., Kitagawa, H., Kwok, J. C., & Miquel, M. (2016). Casting a wide net: Role of perineuronal nets in neural plasticity. Journal of Neuroscience, 36(45), 11459-11468.

Chapter 8

  • Gan, G., Guevara, A., Marxen, M., Neumann, M., Jünger, E., Kobiella, A., ... & Smolka, M. N. (2014). Alcohol-induced impairment of inhibitory control is linked to attenuated brain responses in right fronto-temporal cortex. Biological psychiatry, 76(9), 698-707.

Chapter 9

  • Van der Vorst, H., Engels, R. C., Meeus, W., Deković, M., & Van Leeuwe, J. (2006). The role of alcohol-specific socialization in adolescents’ drinking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 31(1), 16–32.
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.
  • Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591–621.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer. (1988). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Alcohol drinking (Vol. 44). Lyon, France: World Health Organization.
  • Gao, C., et al. (2023). Alcohol consumption and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2020: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study.
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2024). Alcohol facts and statistics.
  • World Health Organization. (2024, June 25). Over 3 million annual deaths due to alcohol and drug use, majority among men.
  • Federal Trade Commission, 2022
  • Grand View Research. (2021). Alcoholic beverages market size, share & trends analysis report by product (beer, wine, spirits), by distribution channel (on-trade, off-trade), by region, and segment forecasts, 2021 - 2028.
  • Gearhardt, A. N., DiFeliceantonio, A. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2023). Highly processed foods can be considered addictive substances based on established scientific criteria. The BMJ, 382, p1538.
  • Stanford Medicine. (2021, August 12). Addictive potential of social media explained. Stanford Medicine News Center.
  • Wadsley, M., Lawrence, N. S., & Kakoschke, N. (2021). Reward-based motives for use predict substance and non-substance addictive behaviors. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 14, 100391.
  • Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research. Addiction, 94(3), 327-340.
  • Babor, T. F., Robaina, K., Noel, J. K., & Ritson, E. B. (2017). Vulnerability to alcohol-related problems: A policy brief with implications for the regulation of alcohol marketing. Addiction, 112(S1), 94-101.
  • Casswell, S., Callinan, S., Chaiyasong, S., Cuong, P. V., Kazantseva, E., Bayandorj, T., ... & Parry, C. D. (2016). How the alcohol industry relies on harmful use of alcohol and works to protect its profits. Drug and Alcohol Review, 35(6), 661-664.
  • Ross, C. S., Ostroff, J., Siegel, M. B., DeJong, W., Naimi, T. S., & Jernigan, D. H. (2014). Youth alcohol brand consumption and exposure to brand advertising in magazines. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(4), 615-622.
  • Petticrew, M., Maani Hessari, N., Knai, C., & Weiderpass, E. (2018). How alcohol industry organizations mislead the public about alcohol and cancer. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(3), 293-303.
  • Jernigan, D. H., & Rushman, A. E. (2014). Measuring youth exposure to alcohol marketing on social networking sites: Challenges and prospects. Journal of Public Health Policy, 35(1), 91-104.
  • McCambridge, J., & Mialon, M. (2018). Alcohol industry involvement in science: A systematic review of the perspectives of the alcohol research community. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(5), 565-579.

Chapter 10

  • Bohns, V. K. (2025, August). Why it’s so hard to say “no”. eCornell #IMPACT.
  • Marone, L. (2025, September 5). Why Saying “No” Is So Hard. Psychology Today.
  • Bohns, V. K. (2016). (Mis)Understanding our influence over others: A review of the underestimation-of-compliance effect.
  • Krijnen et al. (2015). Benefits of being grateful: Gratitude predicts lower negative affect during COVID-19.
  • Wang et al. (2019). Cultural Differences in the Understanding of Face.
  • Kraus, L., & Seitz, N.-N. (2022). Trends in youth alcohol consumption: Evidence from England. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 14760.
  • Robbins, M. (2023). The High 5 Daily Journal. Hay House.

Chapter 11

  • Jay Shetty Podcast. (2021, July 10). Tom Holland Gets Vulnerable About Mental Health and Overcoming Social Anxiety. You Tube.
  • Lieber, C. S. (2003). Relationships between nutrition, alcohol use, and liver disease. Alcohol Research & Health, 27(3), 220–231.
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2021). Alcoholic beverages: USDA food and nutrient database for dietary studies, 8.0. Food Surveys Research Group.
  • World Health Organization. (2014). Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. World Health Organization.
  • Zakhari, S. (2006). Overview: How is alcohol metabolized by the body? Alcohol Research & Health, 29(4), 245–254
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (n.d.). Alcohol’s effects on the body. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Phillips, L. D. (2010). Drug harms in the UK: A multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet, 376(9752), 1558–1565
  • Crews, F. T., & Nixon, K. (2009). Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration in alcoholism. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44(2), 115–127.
  • Britannica. (2025). Ethanol. In Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  • Columbus Recovery Center. (2025, April 1). Alcohol's stimulant & depressant effects.
  • Brick, J. (2006). Standardization of alcohol calculations in research. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 30(8), 1276-1287.
  • King, A., Hasin, D., O'Connor, S., McNamara, P., & Cao, D. (2016). A Prospective 5-Year Reexamination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 79(6), 489-498.
  • Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2006). Neurobiology of addiction. Academic Press.
  • Oscar-Berman, M., & Marinković, K. (2007). Alcohol: Effects on neurobehavioral functions and the brain. Neuropsychology Review, 17(3), 239-257.
  • Fillmore, M. T. (2007). Acute alcohol-induced impairment of cognitive functions: Past and present findings. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 6(2), 115-125.
  • Vonghia, L., Leggio, L., Ferrulli, A., Bertini, M., Gasbarrini, G., & Addolorato, G. (2008). Acute alcohol intoxication. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 19(8), 561-567.
  • Boden, J. M., & Fergusson, D. M. (2011). Alcohol and depression. Addiction, 106(5), 906-914.
  • Topiwala, A., Allan, C. L., Valkanova, V., Zsoldos, E., Filippini, N., Sexton, C., ... & Ebmeier, K. P. (2017). Moderate alcohol consumption as risk factor for adverse brain outcomes and cognitive decline: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ, 357, j2353.
  • Osna, N. A., Donohue Jr, T. M., & Kharbanda, K. K. (2017). Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and current management. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 38(2), 147.
  • Connor, J. (2017). Alcohol consumption as a cause of cancer. Addiction, 112(2), 222-228.
  • Piano, M. R. (2017). Alcohol's effects on the cardiovascular system. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 38(2), 219.
  • Frone, M. R. (2013). Alcohol and illicit drug use in the workforce and workplace. American Psychological Association.
  • Rodriguez, L. M., Neighbors, C., & Knee, C. R. (2014). Problematic alcohol use and marital distress: An interdependence theory perspective. Addiction Research & Theory, 22(4), 294-312.
  • Heilig, M., Egli, M., Crabbe, J. C., & Becker, H. C. (2010). Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked? Addiction Biology, 15(2), 169-184.
  • Sher, L. (2006). Alcohol consumption and suicide. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 99(1), 57-61.
  • Daviet, R., Aydogan, G., Jagannathan, K. et al. Associations between alcohol consumption and gray and white matter volumes in the UK Biobank. Nat Commun 13, 1175 (2022).
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019). Child maltreatment 2017. Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau.
  • World Health Organization. (2006). Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence. World Health Organization and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.
  • Abbey, A., Zawacki, T., Buck, P. O., Clinton, A. M., & McAuslan, P. (2004). Sexual assault and alcohol consumption: What do we know about their relationship and what types of research are still needed? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(3), 271-303.
  • Leonard, K. E., & Rothbard, J. C. (1999). Alcohol and the marriage effect. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement, (13), 139-146.
  • Leonard, K. E., & Quigley, B. M. (1999). Drinking and marital aggression in newlyweds: An event-based analysis of drinking and the occurrence of husband marital aggression. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60(4), 537-545.
  • Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y., & Patra, J. (2009). Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. The Lancet, 373(9682), 2223-2233.
  • McCambridge, J., Hawkins, B., & Holden, C. (2018). Alcohol industry involvement in science: A systematic review of the nature and extent of industry activity. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(6), e9–e26.
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). (n.d.). Alcohol Facts [PDF]. MIT Health Promotion.
  • Harvard Health Publishing. (n.d.). Understanding alcohol tolerance. Harvard University Wellness.
  • World Health Organization. (2023, January 4). No level of alcohol consumption is safe for our health [News release].
  • Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Phillips, L. D. (2010). Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet, 376(9752), 1558–1565.
  • Anderson, B. O., Berdzuli, N., Ilbawi, A., Kestel, D., Kluge, H. P., Krech, R., ... & Ferreira-Borges, C. (2023). Health and cancer risks associated with low levels of alcohol consumption. The Lancet Public Health, 8(1), e6–e7.
  • World Health Organization. (2018). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018.
  • Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Alcohol Withdrawal: Symptoms, Treatment & Timeline.
  • MedlinePlus. (n.d.). Alcohol withdrawal.
  • StatPearls. (n.d.). Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome.
  • WebMD. (n.d.). Alcohol Withdrawal: Causes, Symptoms, Timeline and Treatment.
  • Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010). Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 217-238.
  • Becker, H. C., & Mulholland, P. J. (2014). Neurochemical mechanisms of alcohol withdrawal. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 125, 133-156.
  • Blaine, S. K., & Sinha, R. (2017). Alcohol, stress, and glucocorticoids: From risk to dependence and relapse in alcohol use disorders. Neuropharmacology, 122, 136-147.
  • Bowen, S., Chawla, N., & Marlatt, G. A. (2010). The mindful way through addiction: A guide to mindfulness-based relapse prevention for individuals in recovery from substance use disorders. The Guilford Press.
  • Brewer, J. A., Mallik, S., Babuscio, T. A., Nich, C., Johnson, H. E., Deleone, C. M., Minnix-Cotton, C., Byrne, S. A., Kober, H., Weinstein, A. J., Carroll, K. M., & Rounsaville, B. J. (2011). Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 119(1-2), 72-80.
  • Witkiewitz, K., Bowen, S., Douglas, H., & Hsu, S. H. (2013). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance craving. Addictive Behaviors, 38(2), 1563-1571.
  • Witkiewitz, K., Bowen, S., Douglas, H., & Hsu, S. H. (2013). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance craving. Addictive Behaviors, 38(2), 1563-1571.
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), only about 10% of excessive drinkers meet the criteria for alcohol dependence (i.e., are chemically addicted to alcohol) . Excessive drinking encompasses behaviors such as binge drinking and heavy alcohol use. To estimate the percentage of all U.S. adults who are chemically addicted to alcohol, we can use the following data: Approximately 25% of U.S. adults engage in excessive drinking .Of these excessive drinkers, 10% are chemically addicted.

    Calculation: 0.25 (proportion of excessive drinkers) × 0.10 (proportion of excessive drinkers who are chemically addicted) = 0.025 - This calculation suggests that approximately 2.5% of U.S. adults are chemically addicted to alcohol. This estimate aligns with data from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), which reports that about 10.6% of people aged 12 and older had Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in 2020 . It's important to note that AUD encompasses a range of alcohol-related problems, from mild to severe, and not all individuals with AUD are chemically addicted.

Chapter 12

  • Alexander, B. K., Coambs, R. B., & Hadaway, P. F. (1978). The effect of housing and gender on morphine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology, 58(2), 175-179.
  • Robins, L. N., Davis, D. H., & Nurco, D. N. (1974). How permanent was Vietnam drug addiction? American Journal of Public Health, 64(12), 38-43.
  • Hughes, C. E., & Stevens, A. (2010). What can we learn from the Portuguese decriminalization of illicit drugs? British Journal of Criminology, 50(6), 999-1022.
  • Carnegie, D. (1936). How to win friends and influence people. Simon & Schuster.
  • Ben‑Shahar, T. (2007). Happier: Learn the secrets to daily joy and lasting fulfillment. McGraw‑Hill Education
  • Scazzero, P., & Scazzero, G. (2017). Emotionally healthy relationships: Discipleship that deeply changes your relationship with others. Zondervan.

Chapter 13

  • Prabhakaran, A., Sharan, P., & Mishra, A. (2003). Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in male subjects with alcohol dependence. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 45(1), 22-26
  • Salari, N., Hasheminezhad, R., Almasi, A., Hemmati, M., Shohaimi, S., Akbari, H., & Mohammadi, M. (2023). The risk of sexual dysfunction associated with alcohol consumption in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Women's Health, 23, 213.
  • Rao, T. S. S., & Rao, P. I. (2009). Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in male subjects with alcohol dependence. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2), 109–112. PubMed Central+1Lippincott Journals+1
  • Kumar, P. S., & Murthy, P. (2023). Sexual dysfunction in men with alcohol dependence. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 65(1), 45–50.
  • Zheng, Y., et al. (2023). The risk of sexual dysfunction associated with alcohol consumption in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Women's Health, 23, Article 400.BioMed Central
  • Health Service Executive. (n.d.). How alcohol can affect your sex life and fertility.

Chapter 14

  • Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2011). A dark side of happiness? How, when, and why happiness is not always good. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 222-233.
  • Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016). Neurobiology of addiction: A neurocircuitry analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(8), 760-773.
  • Nestler, E. J. (2005). Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction? Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1445-1449.
  • Gilpin, N. W., & Koob, G. F. (2008). Neurobiology of alcohol dependence: Focus on motivational mechanisms. Alcohol Research & Health, 31(3), 185-195.
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2025, May 8). Neuroscience: The brain in addiction and recovery.
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  • Pfluger, P. T., Burcelin, R., & Münzberg, H. (2015). Impact of alcohol on glycemic control and insulin action. Frontiers in Physiology, 6, 444.
  • Rusyn, I., & Bataller, R. (2013). Alcohol and toxicity. Journal of Hepatology, 59(2), 387–388.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. Crown Publishers/Random House.

Chapter 15

  • Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
  • Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353-379.
  • Webb, J. R., Robinson, E. A. R., Browne, J. L., & Toussaint, L. (2023). Self-compassion and self-forgiveness in alcohol risk, treatment, and recovery: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. PMC+1Wiley Online Library+1
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  • Crews, F. T., & Boettiger, C. A. (2009). Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 93(3), 237-247.

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

  • The concept of differentiation in relationships was first explored by Carl Jung, who defined it as: The development of differences—the separation of parts from a whole.”Later, in the 1950s, Dr. Murray Bowen expanded the idea into a powerful framework to create healthy relationships.
  • Brown, B. (2012). Daring greatly: How the courage to be vulnerable transforms the way we live, love, parent, and lead. Gotham Books.
  • Covey, S. R. (1989). The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change. Free Press.
  • Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). Achieving Sustainable Gains in Happiness: Change Your Actions, not Your Circumstances. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(1), 55-86.
  • Tormala, Z. L., Brinol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2007). Multiple roles for source credibility under high elaboration: It's all in the timing. Social Cognition, 25(4), 536-552.
  • Latané, B., Liu, J. H., Nowak, A., Bonevento, M., & Zheng, L. (1995). Distance matters: Physical space and social impact. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(8), 795-805.
  • Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371–378.
  • Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2015). A new look at social support: A theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2), 113-147.

Chapter 19

  • Mira, M. (2003). The Emotional Energy Factor: The secrets high-energy people use to beat emotional fatigue. Harmony.
  • Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2010). The functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness. Discovery Medicine, 9(49), 579-587.

Chapter 20

  • Robbins, T. (2014). Money: Master the game—7 simple steps to financial freedom. Simon & Schuster.
  • Kveraga, K., Ghuman, A. S., & Bar, M. (2007). Top-down predictions in the cognitive brain. Brain and Cognition, 65(2), 145-168.
  • Wiseman, R. (2003). The Luck Factor: Changing Your Luck, Changing Your Life: The Four Essential Principles. Miramax Books.
  • Add’l studies to include Final Draft 3.24.25
  • Roser, M., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Ritchie, H. (2013). Life Expectancy. Our World in Data.
    United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2022). World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3.
  • Roser, M., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Ritchie, H. (2013). Life Expectancy. Our World in Data.
    United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2022). World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3.
  • Roser, M., & Ritchie, H. (2019). Hunger and Undernourishment. Our World in Data.
    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2015). The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015.
  • Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M. (2016). Child Labor. Our World in Data.
    Humphries, J. (2013). Childhood and child labour in the British industrial revolution. The Economic History Review, 66(2), 395-418.
  • Roser, M., & Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2016). Literacy. Our World in Data. Global Education Monitoring Report 2020: Gender Report, A new generation: 25 years of efforts for gender equality in education.
  • Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2013). A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, 104, 184-198.
  • Pinker, S. (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Viking Books.
  • Flynn, J. R. (2007). What Is Intelligence?: Beyond the Flynn Effect. Cambridge University Press.
  • Corrigan, J. A., & Schutte, N. S. (2023). The relationships between the hope dimensions of agency thinking and pathways thinking with depression and anxiety: A meta‐analysis. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 8(2), 211–255.
  • Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570–585.
  • Pleeging, E., Burger, M., & van Exel, J. (2021). The relations between hope and subjective well‑being: A literature overview and empirical analysis. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16(4), 1019–1041.
  • Chan, S. C. Y., & Huang, Q. L. (2024). The mediating role of self‐esteem in the relationship between hope and life satisfaction among university students during a global health crisis.   Health Science Reports, 7(8), e2311.
  • Snyder, C. R., Shorey, H. S., Cheavens, J., Pulvers, K., Adams, V. H., & Wiklund, C. (2002). Hope and Academic Success in College. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 195–206. (They found that hope significantly predicts GPA.)
  • Curry, L. A., Snyder, C. R., Cook, D. L., Ruby, B. C., & Rehm, M. (1997, December). Role of hope in academic and sport achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1257‑1267.
  • Maddux, J. E., & Lopez, S. J. (2019). Seeing our futures through self‑efficacy, optimism, and hope. In The SAGE encyclopedia of theory in psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 191–206). SAGE Publications.
  • Shanahan, M. L., Fischer, I. C., Hirsh, A. T., Stewart, J. C., & Rand, K. L. (2021). Hope, optimism, and clinical pain: A meta‑analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 55(9), 815–832.
  • Hirsch, J. K., & Sirois, F. M. (2016). Hope and fatigue in chronic illness: The role of perceived stress. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(4), 451‑456.

Chapter 21

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